4,000-year-old shaman's stones discovered near Boquete, Panama
Photo by Eduardo Bejerano |
Archaeologists
working at the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute in Panama have discovered
a cluster of 12 unusual stones in the back of a small, prehistoric rock-shelter
near the town of Boquete. The cache represents the earliest material evidence
of shamanistic practice in lower Central America. Ruth Dickau, Leverhulme
Post-doctoral Fellow at the University of Exeter in England, unearthed the
cache of stones in the Casita de Piedra rock-shelter in 2007. A piece of
charcoal found directly underneath the cache was radiocarbon dated to 4,800
years ago. A second fragment of charcoal in a level above the cache was dated
to 4,000 years ago.
"There was no evidence of a disturbance or pit feature to
suggest someone had come along, dug a hole and buried the stones at a later
date," Dickau said. "The fact that the stones were found in a tight
pile suggests they were probably deposited inside a bag or basket, which
subsequently decomposed."
Based on the placement and the unusual composition of the stones
in the cache, Richard Cooke, STRI staff scientist, suggested they were used by
a shaman or healer. Consulting geologist Stewart Redwood determined that the
cache consists of a small dacite stone fashioned into a cylindrical tool; a
small flake of white, translucent quartz; a bladed quartz and jarosite
aggregate; a quartz crystal aggregate; several pyrite nodules that showed
evidence of use; a small, worn and abraded piece of chalcedony; a magnetic
andesite flake; a large chalcedony vein stone; and a small magnetic kaolinite
stone naturally eroded into an unusual shape, similar to a flower.
Composite photo by Ruth Dickau |
"A
fascinating aspect of this find is that these are not ordinary stones but are
rocks and crystals commonly associated with gold deposits in the Central
Cordillera of Panama and Central America," Redwood said. "However,
there are no gold artifacts in the rock-shelter, and there's no evidence that
the stones were collected in the course of gold prospecting as the age of the
cache pre-dates the earliest known gold artifacts from Panama by more than
2,000 years. But the collector of the stones clearly had an eye for unusual stones
and crystals with a special significance whose meaning is lost to us."
Indigenous groups who lived near this site include the Ngäbe,
Buglé, Bribri, Cabécar and the now-extinct Dorasque peoples. Shamans or healers
(curanderos) belonging to these and other present-day First Americans in
Central and South America often include special stones among the objects they
use for ritual practices. Stones containing crystal structures are linked to
transformative experiences in many of their stories.
Anthony Ranere, from Temple University in Philadelphia, first
identified and excavated Casita de Piedra in an archaeological survey of
western Panama in the early 1970s. He found that the small rock-shelter had
been repeatedly occupied over thousands of years and used for a variety of
domestic activities such as food processing and cooking, stone-tool manufacture
and retouch, and possibly woodworking. Dickau returned to the site to expand
excavations from December 2006 to January 2007.
Dickau's group radiocarbon dated charcoal from the base levels
of the shelter and discovered it was first occupied more than 9,000 years ago,
much earlier than Ranere originally proposed. Her research also showed that the
people who would have benefitted from the shaman's knowledge practiced
small-scale farming of maize, manioc and arrowroot, and collected palm nuts,
tree fruits and wild tubers. They also probably hunted and fished in the nearby
hills and streams, but the humid soils in the shelter destroyed any evidence of
animal bones. Other Preceramic peoples in Panama who lived in small, dispersed
communities across the isthmus by 4,000 years ago commonly practiced these
activities.
Source: Smithsonian Tropical Research
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